Polish pronunciation and glossary

A simple guide to pronouncing Polish for English speakers, plus a basic Glossary for mountains.

Polish as a language

Polish is said to be one of the five hardest languages to learn. Firstly it uses genders - every noun can have a masculine, feminine, or indeterminate gender. A noun or adjective can have its gender changed depending on the gender of the dominating noun it is being applied to. Masculine gender also has personal/impersonal, and animate/inanimate. Noun and adjective cases are similar to latin (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative), in singular and plural. Then verbs can also be flexed (where prefixes or suffixes changed) by gender, tense, aspect, mood and voice. Sentences can have their words put in just about any order, chosen by the speaker, and still retain their meaning. Speakers also can use grammar and flexing from extinct or outlying dialects, and will often make use of neologisms. And that is just the basics. See Wikipedia for more details.

However, Polish has relatively simple pronunciation. Unlike English, where the classic "ough" has ten different pronunciations, Polish spellings actually have quite rigid rules, making it fairly easy to work out how to pronounce a word from its spelling.

Approximate pronunciation of letters and letter combinations

Note that this really is approximate; it does not take long or short consonants into account. It is based on British English, and a little French.

A a
Mama
Ą ą
French; bonbon (not the same as Bonnie)
B b
Big
B[end of word] B[end of word]
As p
C c
Bits (but harder)
Ch ch
As h
Ci[vowel] ci[vowel]
As ć
Ci[non-vowel] ci[non-vowel]
As ći
Cz cz
Chop (hard, at the back of the mouth)
Ć ć
Finches (produced gently at the front of the mouth)
D d
Bed
Dz dz
Beds (but harder)
Dzi dzi
As dźi
Dzi[vowel] dzi[vowel]
As dź
Dź dź
Jim (gently) - or - could you (as commonly spoken by running the words together)
Dż dż
Jam
E e
Egg
Ę ę
E(oo)ng
F f
Fine
G g
Get
G[end of word] g[end of word]
As k
H h
How (aspirated)
I i
He (very short)
J j
Yes
K k
Kick
L l
Lick
Ł ł
We
M m
Many
N n
Nice
Ni ni
As ń
Ń ń
Anja - or - Ania
O o
Dog
Ó ó
As u
P p
Pig
R r
Long rolled French R
[F|H|K|P|S|T]rz [f|h|k|p|s|t]rz
As sz
Rz rz
As ż
S s
Some
Sz sz
Shop (hard, at the back of the mouth)
Si si
As śi
Si[vowel] si[vowel]
As ś
Ś ś
Fashion (produced gently at the front of the mouth)
T t
Take
U u
Cook
W w
Very
W[consonant] w[consonant]
As f
W[end of word] w[end of word]
As f
X x
Fox
Y y
Big - or - ih
Z z
Zebra
Zi zi
As źi
Zi[vowel] zi[vowel]
As ź
Ź ź
As ż but produced gently at the front of the mouth
Ż ż
French; Je or English/French; gilet, produced at the back of the mouth

Emphasis of syllables

In normal Polish, emphasis is put on the syllable one before last:

  1. A word with one syllable would not have any emphasis.
  2. A word with two syllables would have only the first syllable emphasised.
  3. A word with three syllables would have only the second syllable emphasised.
  4. A word with four syllables would have only the third syllable emphasised, and so on.

In the Highlander/Góralski dialect of Polish, the first syllable is the only one that is emphasised. Some areas have names from both normal and Highlander/Góralski (such as szczyt and wierch both being used in Tatry). You will need to know which dialect a word comes from in order to produce the correct emphasis.

Sample names

Warszawa
Commonly incorrectly known as Warsaw. Phonetically, this is pronounced Varshava.
Kraków
Commonly incorrectly known as Krakow or Cracow, mispronounced as either Krackaoo or Krackov. Phonetically, this is pronounced Krakoof.
Zakopane
Phonetically, this is pronounced Zackopa'ne.
Wrocław
Often incorrectly called Rocklaw. Phonetically, this is pronounced Frotswaf.

Pronunciation tool

Since just about nobody understands IPA (pronunciation described using Unicode characters) until they have had proper training, it is better to provide pronunciation in a language the reader does understand. Since you are reading this page, that means you must understand English. This tool attempts to prepare phonetic pronunciations of Polish using (British) English spellings.

It has several limitations, such as not being able to highlight emphasized syllables. It uses j(e) for the French letter j, and o(n) for the French sound on. It also liberally scatters apostrophes everywhere - this is not to denote syllables, it only serves to prevent English letters modifying each other (such as the E in "made" from changing the A from "a" into "ay"). Please do not read them as syllables.

There is not a one-to-one mapping between the spellings in Polish, and the possible phonetic spellings in English. Do not expect the pronunciation to be perfect - use the list above for more details of the Polish pronunciations. However, this tool should give you something that is a lot closer to the correct pronunciation than you would get if you tried reading the Polish directly as if the letters were English letters (which seems to be what usually happens).

Pronunciation tool
Output

Mountain glossary

Wyżni
Upper
Niżni
Lower
Wielki
Grand/great
Mały
Little
Wysoki
Tall/High
Zadni
Rear
Pośredni
Middle
Skrajny
Edge (front)
Nad
Over
Pod
Under
Jaskinia
Cave of significant length
Jama
Short cave or alcove
Wąwóz
Canyon
Jar
Gorge
Turnia
Needle or extremely sharp/spiky mountain - spire peak
Turniczka
Small needle, aka. tooth
Wierch
Peak (old Highlander/Góralski)
Szczyt
Summit
Kopa
A summit that is not steep, and has no distinct summit point, like a hummock.
Przełęcz
Pass
Dolina
Valley
Staw
Lake/tarn
Żleb
Couloir
Rysa
Thin, vertical crack
Zacięcie
Rysa between two perpendicular walls
Załupa
Zacięcie that is less than 60% vertical
Żebro
Rib from a mountain or ridge to the valley/base (unlike a ridge that connects two mountains)
Filar
Rib that is tall and steep, sometimes overhanging
Piarg
Scree
Złomiska
Granite boulder field
Koleba
Natural shelter under a boulder